"... fundamentalists and magic-mongers alike merely do harm to true religion ... [ for ] in every such direct battle since the Renaissance, science has been the victor." - The Rt. Rev. E. W. Barnes, F. R. S., Bishop of Birmingham, in Pupin, Science and Religion, p. 57.Throughout the course of the debate between scientists, and so-called "scientific creationists", several distinct patterns emerge, not just in isolated areas, but permeating almost the entire body of literature of the "scientific creationists". These patterns are patterns of fallacies. 'Sraw Man' arguments such as:
"Evolutionists insist that the duck-billed platypus is an evolutionary link between mammals and birds." - Scott M. Huse, The Collapse of Evolution, p. 109Or 'special pleading' such as:
"We cannot discover by scientific investigation anything about the creative processes used by the Creator." - Duane Gish, Evolution? The Fossils Say No!, p. 42Or using mutually exclusive arguments such as those illustrated in the following quotes:
"Thus it is obvious that one can logically reject the historicity of Genesis 1-11 only if he likewise rejects the rest of the Bible as well, and even the infallibility of Christ himself. Many modern-day religious liberals and even some supposedly conservative Christians have done exatly that. Most Christians, however, are unwilling to go this far. Some try to avoid the issue altogether, but this tactic almost inevitably is a prelude to compromise.In addition, the 'scientific creationists' frequently use depreciated arguments over and over again, even after they are shown to be false. For example, examine this sequence of events summarized from http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/gishwadjak.html:
The only Bible-honoring conclusion is, of course, that Genesis 1-11 is the actual historical truth, regardless of any scientific or chronologic problems thereby entailed" - Henry M. Morris, The Remarkable Birth of Planet Earth, (San Diego, Creation-Life Publishers, 1972), p. 82.The only way we can determine the true age of the earth is for God to tell us what it is. And since He has told us, very plainly, in the Holy Scriptures that it is several thousand years in age, and no more, that ought to settle all basic questions of terrestrial chronology. Ibid., p. 94.
As a matter of fact, the creation model does not, in its basic form requre a short time scale. It merely assumes a period of special creation sometime in the past, without necessarily stating when that was. On the other hand, the evolution model does require a long time scale. The creation model is thus free to consider the evidence on its own merits, whereas the evolution model is forced to reject all evidence that favors a short time scale. - Henry M. Morris, Scientific Creationism, (San Diego: Creation-Life Publishers, 1974), p. 136.
Creationists like to play on the common misunderstanding of the word 'theory'. In common usage (vs scientific usage) 'theory' means something like "imperfect fact" - part of a hierarchy of confidence running downhill from fact to theory to hypothesis, to guess. From this misunderstanding, they make the argument "Evolution is only a theory". They then point to the intense debate on various aspects of the theory, and say "If evolution is only a theory, and the scientists themselves can't even make up their minds about the theory, then what confidence can we have in it?"
In scientific usage, facts and theories are different things, not rungs on a hierarchy of certainty. Facts are the world's data. Theories are structures of ideas that explain and interpret facts. Facts don't go away when scientists debate rival theories to explain them. Einstein's theory of gravitation replaced Newton's, but apples didn't suspend themselves in midair, pending the outcome. And humans evolved from ape-like ancestors whether they did so by Darwin's proposed mechanism or by some other yet to be discovered. [ 1 ]
A theory (as the word is used by scientists) is a detailed description of some facet of the universe's workings that is based on long observation and, where possible, experiment. It is the result of careful reasoning from those observations and experiments and has survived the critical study of scientists generally. [ 2 ]